Discrete optimization with Gurobi: FAQ for real-world planning

Discrete optimization focuses on decisions that are indivisible: you either open a site or not, assign a worker to a shift or not, send a truck on a route or not. With Gurobi, these problems are often modeled as mixed-integer programming formulations. 

Typical applications include: 

• Workforce scheduling and rostering 

• Production planning and lot sizing 

• Vehicle routing and load planning 

• Network design and facility location 

• Pricing and product mix decisions 

In each case, the goal is to optimize KPIs such as total cost, throughput, margin, on-time delivery, and asset utilization while respecting real-world constraints like capacity, labor rules, and service commitments. 

A key reason discrete optimization is so powerful is that discrete decisions behave fundamentally differently from continuous ones. You can divide a liquid or ramp a up machine speed smoothly, but you cannot staff half a nurse, open 30% of a warehouse, or send 2.4 trucks. These yes-or-no and integer choices create combinatorial complexity: small changes in assumptions can lead to entirely different feasible plans, cost structures, and service outcomes.  

Because the impact of each discrete choice can cascade across the entire system, organizations often face hidden trade-offs that are hard to see with heuristics or spreadsheets. Mathematical optimization makes these trade-offs explicit, ensuring that indivisible decisions are made coherently, consistently, and in alignment with strategic KPIs. 

A useful way to frame a discrete optimization model with Gurobi is to think in three parts: 

• Decisions: What are the yes-or-no or integer choices? For example, assign specific technician to a specific job, choose which distribution center serves which store, or decide batch sizes. 

• Objective: What are you trying to optimize? Common objectives include minimizing total cost-to-serve, maximizing margin, improving service level, or balancing cost and service with weighted terms. 

• Constraints: What business rules must always be satisfied? These can include capacity limits, regulations, labor contracts, minimum service levels, or inventory policies. 

Capturing these explicitly lets you align the model with business priorities. It also helps stakeholders understand how changing a constraint or weight in the objective affects KPIs such as service levels, overtime, and inventory turns. 

Discrete optimization with Gurobi provides a structured way to make complex, interdependent decisions that affect cost, revenue, service levels, and asset utilization. By clearly defining decisions, objectives, and constraints, and by grounding models in high-quality data, organizations can move from ad hoc planning to transparent, traceable optimization. 

Successful initiatives combine strong modeling with thoughtful data governance, realistic ROI measurement, and intentional change management. A focused pilot with clear KPIs and a defined baseline is often the fastest path to demonstrate value. To explore what discrete optimization could do in your context, consider experimenting with a limited-scope model using your own data, then refining and scaling once you understand the trade-offs and business impact.